Krasna Photo Collection - en:krasna

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-10-05T10:18:41+00:00

Krasna, the History of a German Bessarabian Village Revised version 2019/2020 Eduard Volk Krasna [Krasna, the History of a German Bessarabian Village] Krasna, the History of a German Bessarabian Village ----------

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-02-16T10:54:03+00:00

Notes about this book Search in the English edition of the book Krasna ...🔎 How can I search? ... ---------- Enlarge font Reduce font size Up, to the top of the page Down, to the bottom of the page ---------- [Flipbook] Flipbook This book as a reader-friendly flipbook convinces with a fresh look and a realistic page-turning effect.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-07-01T14:10:46+00:00

Contents * Krasna, the History of a German Bessarabian Village * Notes about this book * Contents * Foreword * 1 Bessarabia and its colonization by Russia * 1.1 The Strip of Land Bessarabia * 1.2 The Russian colonization of Bessarabia * 1.3 The origins of the German settlers of Bessarabia * 2 The time phases of Krasna * 2.1 The trek to Bessarabia and founding of Krasna (1814-1816) * 2.2 five decade Krasna in the first s of existence (ca 1814-1860) * 2.2.1 The laborious …

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T09:30:35+00:00

Foreword Krasna was a village founded in 1814 by German colonists from the Palatinate, Saarland, Alsace, Baden and Württemberg in the south of Russia, in the governorate of Bessarabia. The inhabitants of Krasna lived 126 years among people of Eastern European peoples. During this time they have cultivated and preserved their own culture. In 1940 they were resettled to West Prussia (today in Poland) in the course of the separation of interests between Hitler and Stalin. At the end of the Second …

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T10:09:04+00:00

1 Bessarabia and its colonization by Russia * 1 Bessarabia and its colonization by Russia * 1.1 The Strip of Land Bessarabia * 1.2 The Russian colonization of Bessarabia * 1.3 The origins of the German settlers of Bessarabia

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T17:45:13+00:00

1.1 The Strip of Land Bessarabia Bessarabia (Basarabia in Rumanian; Bessarabija in Russian/Ukrainian) is a historical landscape of Southeastern Europe. The southern third of Bessarabia (containing the Black Sea shoreline) today is part of the Ukraine; the northern two-thirds are the main region of the territory of Moldavia.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T17:46:12+00:00

1.2 The Russian colonization of Bessarabia After gaining Bessarabia in 1812 and the victory over Napoleon (1813), Tsar Alexander I began with the colonization of Bessarabia. Immediately, his government adopted measures to ascertain the ownership of the existing (sedentary) population and to settle uninhabited lands of the steppes. In the south there were Bender, Akkerman, Ismail and several other settlements as established settlements, the rest of the land, an endless steppe and grassland was c…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-25T07:21:36+00:00

1.3 The origins of the German settlers of Bessarabia The colonization of Bessarabia was virtually the last link in the settlement of Germans in South Russia. * Catherine II ► settlement of the Volga Germans - manifest of July 22, 1763 * Alexander I ► settlement of the Black Sea Region to the South Caucasus manifest of February 20, 1804

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T13:50:28+00:00

2 The time phases of Krasna * 2 The time phases of Krasna * 2.1 The trek to Bessarabia and founding of Krasna (1814-1816) * 2.2 five decade Krasna in the first s of existence (ca 1814-1860) * 2.2.1 The laborious initial years (1815-1835) * 2.2.2 Years of the upswing; development between 1835-1860 * 2.3 The changes from the second half of the 19th century onwards (around 1860-1918) * 2.3.1 The great reversals under Alexander, the Second, 1860-1881 * 2.3.2 Russification Policy and Xenoph…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T11:55:52+00:00

2.1 The trek to Bessarabia and founding of Krasna (1814-1816) Here we try to reconstruct the route of the colonists of Krasna, who came from the Duchy of Warsaw. They were the largest immigrant group of Krasna and at the same time the founders of the colony. Other families moved in later, for instance in 1843, more than 25 families from the Odessa region.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T13:53:18+00:00

2.2 five decade Krasna in the first s of existence (ca 1814-1860) * 2.2.1 The laborious initial years (1815-1835) * 2.2.2 Years of the upswing; development between 1835-1860 [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T12:22:33+00:00

2.2.1 The laborious initial years (1815-1835) We have seen that the immigrants arrived in Krasna in several groups between the fall of 1814 and the spring of 1816. Arriving at the new settlement did not end the worries and miseries of the immigrants. First, one was totally at the mercy of already promised support by the Russian government, as the paragraph above outlines.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T12:42:33+00:00

2.2.2 Years of the upswing; development between 1835-1860 People were not discouraged with the many setbacks of their first twenty years as colonists, which documents their great patience and determination. Only thrifty savings methods and endless work accomplished a gradual progress in spite of all obstacles.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-30T11:08:04+00:00

2.3 The changes from the second half of the 19th century onwards (around 1860-1918) * 2.3.1 The major changes under Alexander II 1860-1881 * 2.3.2 Russification Policy and Xenophobia (1881-1914) * 2.3.3 The First World War (1914-1918) [The story of a German village in Bessarabia]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T12:50:08+00:00

2.3.1 The great reversals under Alexander, the Second, 1860-1881 In the second half of the 19th century, the quiet development of the German colonies in Russia were guided into a phase of changes. These changes stemmed from the strong growth of the colonies, which took land from the German farmers, and politically necessitated restructuring. The changes concerned Krasna, as well.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-30T11:12:41+00:00

2.3.2 Russification Policy and Xenophobia (1881-1914) . After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 and the accession of Alexander III to the throne (1881-1894), Russification was intensified; nationalism became the state doctrine. Although the Germans in Bessarabia got along well with the other nationalities living there (see para.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T13:16:35+00:00

2.3.3 The First World War 1914-1918 Within the framework of escalating events, leading to World War I, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. The Germans in Russia had already faced discriminations, but now the Russian politicians and the Russian press spouted open hatred against anything German, making the Russian Germans victims of bullying, restrictions, injustices and in many cases brutal force.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T13:57:30+00:00

2.4 Belonging to Rumania and the Soviet Union (1918-1940) * 2.4.1 Rumanian Bessarabia between the wars, (1918-1940) * 2.4.2 Soviet Bessarabia, the time till resettlement, (Jun-Nov 1940) [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T13:49:32+00:00

2.4.1 Rumanian Bessarabia between the wars, (1918-1940) On April 9, 1918 (Russian calendar, 27 March), Bessarabia declared the annexation to Rumania for all times, but chose to keep a partial autonomy. The union was officially made in November of 1918 and the Sfatul Tarei, possible under Rumanian pressure, was dissolved then.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T13:54:25+00:00

2.4.2 Soviet Bessarabia, the time till resettlement, (Jun-Nov 1940) The Soviet Minister of the Exterior then, Molotov, informed the German attaché in Moscow, von der Schulenburg on June 23, 1940, of the imminent occupation of Bessarabia (See above). The German Minister of the Exterior, von Ribbentrop, had Molotov informed that Germany was disinterested in the Bessarabian question itself, but not in the fate of the roughly 100,000 German nationals living there and expected from the Soviet Union …

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T13:59:57+00:00

2.5 From the Krasna exodus to a new start in Germany (1940-1950) * 2.5.1 The Resettlement * 2.5.2 New settlement in West Prussia * 2.5.3 Flight and new beginning after the War [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T14:04:30+00:00

2.5.1 The Resettlement The fate of the Bessarabian Germans was decided in 1939 without the knowledge of the people involved. In a secret protocol added to the Non-Aggression Policy between the Germans and the Soviets, the Hitler Stalin Pact of August 23, 1939, the German Reich had given Bessarabia to the Soviet Union as an area of interest.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T14:06:21+00:00

2.5.2 New settlement in West Prussia The National Socialists did not plan on settling the Bessarabian Germans in the „Altreich“ (the actual Germany). The eastern parts (areas taken forcefully from Poland in the so-called Warthegau and West Prussia) were designated for them. This was part of the Nazi plan to restructure and colonize the occupied Polish areas.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T14:10:09+00:00

2.5.3 Flight and new beginning after the War While the Krasna able-bodied men served in the war, the aged, the women and children faced the flight to survive after the Eastern Front collapsed in January of 1945. Just like the rest of the German population in the east of the Reich had to flee at the beginning of the second half of January 1945 as the front advanced, the Bessarabia settlers had to flee, as well. Groups started up everywhere and traveled through the brutal cold, through ice and s…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T14:01:08+00:00

3 The Village * 3 The Village * 3.1 The village of Krasna, its location and appearance * 3.2 Naming the Krasna Colony * 3.3 The Kogälnik * 3.4 The perimeters of the colony of Krasna * 3.5 Farm and home of a colonist * 3.6 Building and heating materials * 3.7 The water supply of Krasna * 3.8 Krasna and its surroundings

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T06:12:35+00:00

3.1 The village of Krasna, its location and appearance The location The geographical co-ordinates of Krasna are roughly N 46 degrees 7 minutes, E 29 degrees 14 minutes (See 3.8, Krasna and its Surroundings) A Russian document of 1827 says of the location of the colony of Krasna: The colony is located on a meadow of the Kogälnik River on the right shore. The community report of 1848 states: The Kugelnik River flows east to south. The village is centrally located in the valley and has two…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-17T10:41:31+00:00

3.2 Naming the Krasna Colony The first 13 Bessarabian colonies were initially designated by the number of the piece of land in the general plan of the land survey on which they were located. Krasna was Steppe No. 7, often referred to as the „Catholic Colony

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-21T17:50:13+00:00

3.3 The Kogälnik Krasna is located on the right shore of the steppe river Kogälnik. Aside from the border rivers of Bessarabia, the Dnjestr and Pruth, it is the most significant Budschak water source. The Kogälnik starts about 100 kilometers to the north of Krasna, northwest of Kischinev. It is just about 200 kilometers in length and at Tartarbunar it flows into the Liman Konduk, also called the Liman Sasik, a lake of the Black Sea.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T08:06:15+00:00

3.4 The perimeters of the colony of Krasna Location and Size of the Area of Krasna Formation of the land: The area assigned to Krasna (Number 7) forms a slightly askance quadrangle. (See Map of the Parcels of the Colony, 1.2) Considering the given value of 6,948 Desjatines (roughly 7,590 hectares) and the given distances to the neighboring colonies, one can assume a length of 10-12 kilometers and a width of 6-7 kilometers.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T08:05:26+00:00

3.5 Farm and home of a colonist The shape of villages, lots and homes of the colonist villages of South Russia were extremely similar. Farm lots in the beginning were quite generous in Krasna as in all of the Bessarabian colonies. The average lot was 1 desjatine (1,092 hectares). The width of the farm (facing the street) was 30-40 meters. The lot was 250 meters long. Later the lots were split lengthwise and by 1940 there were virtually no farms left of the original dimensions. Over the ye…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T09:18:12+00:00

3.6 Building and heating materials Building material Building material for the homes came in the form of quarried natural stone or clay tiles dried in the sun. * Natural stones (mussel chalk stone or sandstone), also called sawstone. Krasna had no quarry. The stone had to be purchased in other villages and transported from there. There was musssel chalkstone in the Bulgarian village of Dewelatsch and in Alt-Elft. According to a chronicle from Alt Elft it was sold to Krasna for a good prof…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T09:23:54+00:00

3.7 The water supply of Krasna Drinking water is a major problem in the steppes and many colonies had to struggle with this. Water was also of poor quality, as is evident in almost all the chronicles. The wells often had salty, saltpetre or bitter water. Paul Rath

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T09:40:39+00:00

3.8 Krasna and its surroundings Krasna was pretty much centrally located within the German mother colonies of Ackerman District. There were no cities among these colonies. Cultural life and trade took place in the rural communities. In the beginning the main villages of the area districts, called Wolosts, were Wittenberg/Alt-Posttal, Klöstitz and Sarata. (See

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T14:02:22+00:00

4 Management, state and administration * 4 Management, state and administration * 4.1 Agriculture * 4.1.1 Crop planting * 4.1.2 Wine cultivation (Viniculture) * 4.1.3 Fruit cultivation * 4.1.4 Vegetable cultivation * 4.1.5 Forest plantations * 4.1.6 Cattle raising * 4.1.7 Hunting and Fishing * 4.1.8 Status of agriculture in the final 20 years preceding resettlement * 4.2 Land ownership and inheritance law in Bessarabia * 4.2.1 Land Ownership Law * 4.2.2 Inheritance Law * 4.3 Land…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T09:41:57+00:00

4.1 Agriculture * 4.1.1 Crop planting * 4.1.2 Wine cultivation * 4.1.3 Fruit cultivation * 4.1.4 Vegetable cultivation * 4.1.5 Forest plantating * 4.1.6 Cattle raising * 4.1.7 Hunting and Fishing * 4.1.8 Status of agriculture in the final 20 years preceding resettlement From the beginning of the settlement until almost 100 years later, the German settlers were predominantly occupied in agriculture. In Krasna, there were still more than 90 percent of the residents involved in a…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:01:45+00:00

4.1.1 Crop planting Agriculture had slow beginnings. The farm implements were primitive and the wagons still had wooden axles. In the first years only the farm and little else was worked, the rest was hay land (meadows that were mowed) or pasture. Only gradually did the colonists convert the pastures into farm land. The German settlers switched more to grain production at the end of the 1830s.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:05:25+00:00

4.1.2 Wine cultivation (Viniculture) A few years after settlement the Krasna colonists began wine cultivation. Coming mainly from the wine growing county of the Palatinate in Germany, they already had the know-how. In 1825 there were already 9,340 productive grape vines. Two years later, the Statistical Description of Bessarabia and the so-called Budschak already mentions an area of 127 desjatines for wine cultivation and notes that all 114 farms had vinyards.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:06:32+00:00

4.1.3 Fruit cultivation The colonist home usually also had a large garden and a part of it was planted with potatoes and vegetables. Fruit trees were planted further in the back. In the first years after settlement the Welfare Committee assured that each farmer planted fruit trees. The government provided the plants but after the Welfare Committee was abolished fruit trees and their care diminished.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:11:17+00:00

4.1.4 Vegetable cultivation Vegetables did not rank highly on the menu and therefore people made no great efforts to cultivate vegetables. Women raised them in the farm gardens. They cultivated mostly carrots, radishes, celery, peas, beans, onions, tomatoes and garlic. Lettuce and white cabbage for personal use was also planted, rarely red cabbage.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-30T15:10:24+00:00

4.1.5 Forest plantations When the colonists of Krasna arrived in the valley of their future colony, they found practically a treeless steppe. The steppe landscape of the Bochak had always been unwooded. The welfare committee recognised early on the value of tree plantations for the climate of the steppe landscape. The colonists were called upon to reforest. Seedlings were provided by the authority. The colonies had to report regularly on the status of the plantations. The authorities carried ou…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:31:35+00:00

4.1.6 Cattle raising People in Krasna also had many domestic animals. The large farms and other conditions merited this. Aside from horses and cattle, people raised pigs and sheep, as well as poultry. There was plenty of pasture land and lots of hay, as well as chaff and other plant foods. According to official statistics of 1827 Krasna had 265 horses, 1,335 head of cattle and 367 sheep.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:32:19+00:00

4.1.7 Hunting and Fishing It is said that in the initial decades of the colony, wolves did much damage among the livestock, especially targeting calves and foals. By order of the Welfare Committee, yearly wolf hunts were organized in April or May with horse and wagon. Wolves became rare in the German colonies around 1890.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:34:54+00:00

4.1.8 Status of agriculture in the final 20 years preceding resettlement At the latest, in 1920 Krasna faced an increasing number of challenges. * As shown in figure 4.3, farm sizes kept decreasing and had already reached a level where the traditional methods no longer resulted in a profit.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T14:09:46+00:00

4.2 Land ownership and inheritance law in Bessarabia * 4.2.1 Land Ownership Law * 4.2.2 Inheritance Law [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:49:58+00:00

4.2.1 Land Ownership Law Existing land ownership regulations up to 1871 At settlement, each family received 60 desjatines of land (crown’s land). A family piece of this size and the farm implements made up a farm, called a farmstead. The owner could not divide, sell or pawn this land. Crown's land was not personal property and the individual families were only receiving the rights to personal and inheritable use of the land without being the owners.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T10:51:54+00:00

4.2.2 Inheritance Law There are distinct differences between rules for crown's land and other land. Special regulations were in place for crown's land and that comprised the entire Krasna region. The owner of land aside from the crown's land could freely decide from the beginning, but Krasna people had no such land to speak of from the start.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T11:16:39+00:00

4.3 Landowners and landless people in Krasna Since the founding of the colonies and until resettlement in 1940, land ownership was the decisive economic factor in Krasna. People without land were reduced to a poor existence, condemned to poverty.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T11:48:45+00:00

4.4 The guilds, trade and bank management in Krasna As already mentioned elsewhere, agriculture was the backbone of the Bessarabian economy. In Krasna some colonists had become wealthy men, as well, but they rarely invested in trades and firms to process agricultural products. Like most well-to-do Bessarabian Germans, they still tried to suppply their sons with land of their own. This became increasingly more difficult to do.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T14:11:19+00:00

4.5 Traffic infrastructure, postal and telephone service * 4.5.1 Traffic infrastructure * 4.5.2 Postal services * 4.5.3 Telephone connections [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T12:02:41+00:00

4.5.1 Traffic infrastructure One can generally say that the Bessarabian traffic conditions of Bessarabia were bad and remained bad. Travel prior to 1914 was an arduous affairs. People had to walk, go on horseback or travel in a horse drawn wagon or sled. After 1914 there was a railroad connection, but otherwise horse and wagon remained the main transportation. The first bicycles appeared in Krasna as late as 1930. According to Josef Erker the first bicycle in town belonged to teacher Luba …

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T12:58:14+00:00

4.5.2 Postal services In the beginnings of the colony there was no regular postal service. A limited postal service did develop. From 1860 on the mail for all communities of the district office Alt-Posttal, to which Krasna belonged, was picked up once a week in Kauschany

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T12:59:04+00:00

4.5.3 Telephone connections The first telephone was installed in the district office of Tarutino in 1878. Teplitz received its telephone in 1909. The community chancellery of Alt-Posttal received theirs in 1923. It is not clear when the other villages were connected. The community chancellery of Krasna had a phone later, but as far as is documented, there were no private phone lines in the village.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:05:57+00:00

4.6 Russian and Rumanian weights and measures Our Krasna ancestors used different weights and measures than what we are accustomed to today. Initially the Old Russian system was used. It was based on the regulation established on October 11, 1835. These measures were effective until the October Revolution of 1917. Afterwards Russia introduced the metric system. In contrast, Rumania used the metric system since 1884. When the Bessarabians came to Rumania, a reorientation had to be made. The…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T14:12:47+00:00

4.7 Monetary and banking services * 4.7.1 Valid currencies in Russian Times * 4.7.2 Currency in Rumanian Times * 4.7.3 Prices for economy goods in Bessarabia 1814-1940 [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:07:22+00:00

4.7.1 Valid currencies in Russian Times In the first decades of the settlement of Krasna people, various currencies were in circulation. Aside from the Russian money (banco or assignation) the Turkish lion remained in use for some time. After the silver currency was circulated in 1825, people had to work with three monetary systems.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:08:06+00:00

4.7.2 Currency in Rumanian Times Initially, the Russian ruble was valid together with the Rumanian currency. According to a newspaper report the ruble was supposed to be exchanged for lei by October 6, 1920. The Rumanian currency was called leu and lei in the plural. (1 leu = 100 bani)

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:22:30+00:00

4.7.3 Prices for economy goods in Bessarabia 1814-1940 Land Prices Initially, land was cheap. In the beginning, people could obtain farms for next to nothing. Rumor has it that half a farm was sold for a pair of shoes or an entire farm for half a quart of liquor. In 1829 a farm with a house cost 1,000 rubles. One has to note, however, that in the beginning the land did not belong to the colonists outright. See also 4.2, Land ownership and Inheritance Law in Krasna

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:28:00+00:00

4.7.4 Banking and credit services The orphan banks were de facto the only credit institutions in the German villages until 1908. See also 6.4, Community tasks and self-help organizations Gradually, banks and financial institutions were established.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-08T10:34:48+00:00

4.8 The administration * 4.8.1 Own colonial administration; at local level in German 1814-1871. * 4.8.2 Administrative structure 1871 - 1917 * 4.8.3 Romanian administration 1918-1940 * 4.8.4 Soviet Administration July - October 1940 In the first decades there was a separate colonial administration with the Welfare Committee at the top (the official language at the local level was German). This was a combination of almost pure self-administration at the lower level and a special adminis…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:36:05+00:00

4.8.1 Independent colonial government, locally and in German 1814-1871 * 4.8.1.1 The Welfare Committee * 4.8.1.2 Self Government In 1814, at the beginning of Bessarabian colonization there were special administrative offices in charge of existing south Russian colonies, the guardianship or tutelage offices. The one for New Russia was located in Jekaterinoslav and beginning in 1814 it was also responsible for the newly developing Bessarabian colonies. When immigration to Bessarabia swelle…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-17T12:34:32+00:00

4.8.1.1 The Welfare Committee Due to inadequacies and also criminal machinations, the government abolished the guardianship offices and on 22 March 1818 created the “Welfare Committee for Foreign Settlers in Southern Russia” as a new administrative authority, which, equipped with extensive powers, was the supreme administrative authority for the colonies in the Black Sea region until its dissolution in 1871. According to the Ukas of 29 December 1819, it was also responsible for the colonists in…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:50:44+00:00

4.8.1.2 Self Government The highest levels of communal government of the colonies were the district or area offices for several colonies, then came the village administration (mayor’s office) in the individual colonies. Until 1871 Krasna belonged to the district of Wittenberg/Alt-Posttal. A district office was later established in Wittenberg in 1817 and a chancellery was built.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:52:13+00:00

4.8.2 Government Structure 1871-1917 * 4.8.2.1 State and farmers' administration * 4.8.2.2 Self government local level

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T13:59:19+00:00

4.8.2.1 State and farmers' administration The law of June 4, 1871 (Equalization Law) did away with the historically developed special administration of the colonists. This national group was placed under the common Russian administration and assigned to the ministry of the Interior, the former ministry of domains. See also

f-04-08-22

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:03:57+00:00

4.8.2.2 Self government local level Self-administration of the former colonies at the district and community level remained in German hands even after the reform of 1871. The village and district administrations, as in Russia, overall, were now based on the common farmers’ law. Formally and in content they were subject to the principles of the rural Semstwo system. Self-administrative institutions were now more strongly controlled by the state than before and their powers were severely curta…

f-04-08-30

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:09:35+00:00

4.8.3 Rumanian Government 1918-1940 After Bessarbia was annexed to the Rumanian federation of states, administration procedures changed drastically. Converting to the Rumanian administration was not easy for the Germans. Rumanian was dictated to be the official language at once. Hardly a person spoke the language of the land. Offices and officials received new names and often changes of competencies.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:11:06+00:00

4.8.4 Soviet government July-October 1940 It needs to be mentioned that immediately after the troops of the Soviets marched into Tarutino at the end of 1940, the District Executive Committee (Rajonij Ispolnitelnij Komitet) was created. Community meetings were held in the individual villages and a village council was elected there. Everything was still in a transitional flux and Soviet law was only partially enforced. More details about the administrative structures, which were still in develo…

f-04-09-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:31:04+00:00

4.9 Judicial practices, public order and safety * 4.9.1 Judicial practices * 4.9.2 Police and safety offices [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:22:32+00:00

4.9.1 Judicial practices Russian Times to 1871 The head administrative office, the Welfare Committee, was also a judicial authority until 1871. From the beginning, the colonists had always been subject to the common court system in criminal matters, as well as in civil cases involving non-colonists. All other legal matters between colonists and so-called police matters were under the authority of the mayor's jurisdiction (village office), district office, colonial inspector and the Welfare Co…

f-04-09-02

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:31:15+00:00

4.9.2 Police and safety offices Russian times until 1871 In the beginning police and safety personnel were officials from the village. The mayor and his council could take police measures in cases of theft, brawls, non compliance with official orders, etcetera. They could arrest lawbreakers. They could also admonish disorderly and lazy settlers and fine them. If deemed necessary they could also order community labor or arrest, then to jail time of water and bread. If these punishments did n…

f-04-10-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:34:27+00:00

4.10 Taxes, fees and payment in produce * 4.10.1 Under Russian Rule * 4.10.2 Under Rumanian Rule [The History of a German Bessarabian Village]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:47:51+00:00

4.10.1 Under Russian Rule In their announcement of November 29, 1813, the Russsian government had promised the colonists: Freedom from all taxes and obligations to the country from the day of arrival in Russia for a period of 10 years, excepting a small payment to Bessarabian lessors.

f-04-10-02

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T14:48:48+00:00

4.10.2 Under Rumanian Rule Beginning in 1919, the taxes were collected by the Rumanian government. Instead of the mayor’s office stipulating the tax burden and collecting the funds, there were now state officials and there was a new fiscal office. The comptroller, called

f-04-11-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:18:52+00:00

4.11 Military Service and War Times Russsian Time According to the edict of the tsar from 1813, the colonists were exempt from military service. They were instructed only to provide room and board for troops passing through in times of war and to perform several compulsory duties. A statement to this effect is also contained in the colonist law of 1854.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:26:48+00:00

5 Church, culture, school and organizations * 5 Church, culture, school and organizations * 5.1 Church and religion * 5.1.1 Belonging to the Polish Diocese Kamenez-Podolsk 1814-1848 * 5.1.2 Belonging to the Diocese of Tiraspol 1848-1921 * 5.1.3 Belonging to the Diocese of Jassy 1921-1940 * 5.1.4 Life in the parish community of Krasna in the final decades * 5.2 The school in Krasna * 5.2.1 The time frame 1814-1871 * 5.2.2 The time frame 1871-1918 * 5.2.3 The time frame 1918- 1940 * 5…

g-05-01-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T16:31:47+00:00

5.1 Church and religion * 5.1.1 Belonging to the Polish Diocese Kamenez-Podolsk 1814-1848 * 5.1.2 Belonging to the Diocese of Tiraspol 1848-1921 * 5.1.3 Belonging to the Diocese of Jassy 1921-1940 * 5.1.4 Life in the parish community of Krasna in the final decades From the beginning, church and religion played a major role for the Bessarabian Germans. Krasna also rated the church and religion very highly. Church was: * a place of focus during the initial rough years of the colonists

g-05-01-01

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:52:48+00:00

5.1.1 Belonging to the Polish Diocese Kamenez-Podolsk 1814-1848 Until 1848 the Catholic villages of Bessarabia and with it Krasna belonged to the diocese of Kamenez-Podolsk (Podolia), which also dispatched pastors. The spiritual guidance of Krasna suffered much from the fact that the pastors in the first decades rarely spoke German, were not very aware of colonist matters and did not care to improve their understanding of the situation.

g-05-01-02

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:57:04+00:00

5.1.2 Belonging to the Diocese of Tiraspol 1848-1921 An agreement between the Russian government and the Vatican dated August 3, 1847, a diocese was established for the Catholics in the south of the tsar’s empire which included the German colonies of Bessarabia. At that time theonly colony was Krasna. The diocese of Cherson was founded on July 3rd 1848, and soon after it was renamed Diocese of Tiraspol, which extended from the Crimean to Bessarabia. The Russian government paid for the administ…

g-05-01-03

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:58:40+00:00

5.1.3 Belonging to the Diocese of Jassy 1921-1940 Rome reacted to the changed status of state for Bessarabia as of 1918. It severed Bessarabia from the diocese of Tiraspol in September of 1921 and assigned it to the diocese of Jassy in Rumania. The bishop of Jassy, Dr. Alexander Cisar visited Krasna in November of 1921 for the occasion of adding the Bessarabian parishes to his realm. We have a newspaper article about the event.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T16:25:47+00:00

5.1.4 Life in the parish community of Krasna in the final decades In Russian times the civil community and the parish community of Krasna were practically identical. During the Rumanian period a strict division was ordered. One can almost equate the number of Krasna residents with the number of the members of the Catholic church there. There were very few non-Catholics in the village and this was the case until the Resettlement.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T16:30:06+00:00

5.2 The school in Krasna * 5.2.1 The time frame 1814-1871 * 5.2.2 The time frame 1871-1918 * 5.2.3 The time frame 1918- 1940 * 5.2.4 Structures of higher learning * 5.2.5 Studying When the German colonists arrived, rural Russia did not have any schools to speak of. Given these circumstances, it is remarkable that the colonies had schools virtually from the beginning. Until the end of the 19th century, the Ukrainian or Moldavian villages had often no schools at all.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:00:23+00:00

5.2.1 The time frame 1814-1871 The Russians did not interfere with the Germans’ operation of the schools. The edict of the tsar of 1813 made no reference to schools and initially the state did not concern itself with the school system of the immigrants. In the first years after settlement there was school education, in Krasna, as well. It took place at first in a farmer’s house, later in the house of prayer. Colonist schools were church schools. The pastor supervised the schools.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:03:13+00:00

5.2.2 The time frame 1871-1918 Just as the school situation gradually improved, another major problem faced the colonists. It became more and more difficult to teach German. The sources are scarce about the school standards, but the language dispute is well documented. Externally the reform of 1871 (See also

g-05-02-03

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:07:25+00:00

5.2.3 The time frame 1918- 1940 The Bessarabians had been increasingly limited in their school operations under the Russian officials and they hoped for changes under the Rumanian administration. This did not happen in regards to curriculum as well as school administration.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:10:38+00:00

5.2.4 Structures of higher learning Even at the close of the 19th century the colonists had little interest in higher education. They said: We give land to our sons, that’s worth more than education. Until the Resettlement the only school in Krasna was the elementary school. Ongoing education was only available elsewhere. The Krasna situation was similar to that in the neighboring villages. The Katzbach Chronicle on the subject: Schooling in Katzbach is not a major issue. Most people be…

g-05-02-05

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:11:27+00:00

5.2.5 Studying Before the First World War, very few colonist children attended a university. The very few young people of Krasna who desired to continue their education, became priests or teachers. In regards to priesthood education, Catholic colonist sons studied in Saratov and in Rumanian times in Jassy. Eight young men from Krasna chose to become priests. Three of them studied for the priesthood in Rumanian times.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:47:23+00:00

5.3 Culture, Habits and Customs Village life reflected the work cycles of agriculture, church holidays, habits and customs. It was marked by simplicity, limited possibilities and concentrated mostly around the village and immediate surroundings. Trips to Akkerman, Odessa and Kilia were minor adventures. Aside from work and shopping for home and farm items, there was little room for other activities. Tradition and Customs were well adhered to.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:51:20+00:00

5.4 Associations, Councils and Clubs * 5.4.1 The Peoples’ Council * 5.4.2 German Agricultural Association * 5.4.3 The Agricultural Club “Colonist” * 5.4.4 Local associations of Krasna One has to differentiate between associations which were more politically oriented or connected to economics and clubs which were focused on cultural or sport activities. Neither of them existed in Bessarabia in Russian times. This was in part caused by the strict religious divisions between members of …

g-05-04-01

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:53:40+00:00

5.4.1 The Peoples’ Council Based on the educational association (See above), which came into being during the Russian time, the German Bessarabian Peoples’ Council began to develop gradually. The German Peoples’ Council, headquartered in Tarutino, was founded in 1920 and it was a formation of Rumanian nationals of German background to preserve their heritage and interest. Later it was renamed District Council (Gaurat) and it existed until 1940. It created the counterbalance to the Rumanizatio…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:56:22+00:00

5.4.2 German Agricultural Association Attempts were made in South Russia from the beginning of the 20th century to eliminate the middlemen in the trade of agricultural products, who were mostly non-Germans. The All Russian Congress of Germans suggested such atempts in 1917 and the Bessarabian Germans founded such an organisation. In 1921 the German Farm Association with headquarters in Tarutino was founded as a combination of German associations with the goal to eliminate the middleman.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T08:56:59+00:00

5.4.3 The Agricultural Club “Colonist” Experts realized at the beginning of the 1920's that the agricultural effort of the Bessarabian Germans had to become better focused. In spite of land purchases, small and very small operations came into being. The Russian agricultural law and, after the annexation, the even stronger Rumanian laws, undermined and made the opportunity of acquisition of land outside of the German villages much harder. New means had to be found to increase agricultural pr…

g-05-04-04

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:04:07+00:00

5.4.4 Local associations of Krasna Once the Russian constitution allowed the right to assemble and establishments of church, communal and educational organizations, the first such clubs were established in the Bessarabian villages (for sports, music, women, agriculture and politics). A club life as such only developed on a broader basis during Rumanian times. In spite of all agricultural burdens several organizations were founded in Krasna in the 1920's and 1930's.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-17T14:18:07+00:00

5.5 Food Clothing * 5.5.1 Food * 5.5.2 Drinks * 5.5.3 Clothing [The story of a German village in Bessarabia]

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:23:38+00:00

5.5.1 Food The Bessarabian kitchen was influenced in several ways. On one hand there were the traditional recipes from the former homeland of the ancestors, on the other hand were dishes adopted from other nationalities like the Poles, Ukrainians and Moldavians. Naturally, available ingredients and the village lifestyle influenced the farm character of the Bessarabian food. In the first decades, meals of the Krasna colonists were simple. The menu was adapted to the season. Habits changed ove…

g-05-05-02

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:25:53+00:00

5.5.2 Drinks The Krasna farmer loved wine with his meal. Beer was not very popular. When company came, the homemade wine was offered. Only a little Schnaps was consumed. With breakfast, people served coffee made with roast wheat, barleycorns and chicory as well as tea, especially peppermint tea with breakfast. People also drank tea at night.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:32:38+00:00

5.5.3 Clothing According to available reports, the colonists wore the costumes from the founding times until the sixties of the 19th century. People did not pay attention to fashion. Many homes had a loom and several spinning wheels. Women wove, colored the cloth and spun it.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:27:27+00:00

6 Scares and threats against colonists and measures of prevention * 6 Scares and threats against colonists and measures of prevention * 6.1 Catastrophes, plagues, failed harvests, animal pests, earthquakes * 6.2 Accidents, brutality, robbery and attacks * 6.3 Health Department * 6.4 Community Tasks and self help organizations

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:46:24+00:00

6.1 Catastrophes, plagues, failed harvests, animal pests, earthquakes Certainly each form of land contains the threat of one or more nuisances and catastrophes happen everywhere. Catastrophes in Bessarabia were numerous, especially in the beginning phase of the colonies. Krasna was also affected.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:51:14+00:00

6.2 Accidents, brutality, robbery and attacks As is the case everywhere else, accidents, brutalities, thefts, robberies and attacks did happen in Krasna, as well. We do not know about all of these events, since there are no police reports, if there were any made back then. Beginning in 1914 such occurrences were reported in the German language newspapers in North Dakota, where residents sent regular contributions.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T09:53:44+00:00

6.3 Health Department Doctors When the colonists first came to Bessarabia, even the largest towns in Russia had only a few physicians, hospitals were also rare and medicines were expensive. The Bessarabian settlers arrived there and lived in their poor little shacks, which, especially in the first decades, were lacking in hygiene.

h-06-04-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T10:13:31+00:00

6.4 Community Tasks and self help organizations There were early attempts to support the colonists in certain emergency situations. This mainly concerned orphans, fire issues, emergency supplies and the elderly. Later, association regulations were added. One can also not leave out the free services to be provided for the common good.

j-07-00-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:28:18+00:00

7 The People of Krasna * 7 The People of Krasna * 7.1 Krasna colonists and their relationship with others * 7.2 The Krasna dialect * 7.3 Krasna Immigrant Families * 7.4 The move to Katzbach by Evangelical settlers * 7.5 Fluctuations among the Krasna colonists * 7.6 Exodus and departures from Krasna * 7.7 Population development since the foundation * 7.8 State and community offices of administration * 7.9 Church dignitaries * 7.10 Teachers of Krasna * 7.11 Service providers and busi…

j-07-01-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T12:01:48+00:00

7.1 Krasna colonists and their relationship with others Characteristics of the Krasna population The harsh demands of a colonist’s existence in the beginning of the colonies produced a tough and firm breed. People of Krasna could exist only through diligence, industriousness, modesty and persistence. An older classification states:

j-07-02-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-08-17T14:42:05+00:00

7.2 The Krasna dialect The Krasna people retained their German mother tongue in the Palatine dialect until resettlement, even though the official and school languages (increasingly since 1871) were Russian and Romanian respectively. In his dissertation

j-07-03-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T12:35:02+00:00

7.3 Krasna Immigrant Families There were four groups of immigrant families: See also 1.3, The Origin of the German Colonists of Bessarabia * German origin colonists from Warsaw (Poland) * Polish origin colonists from Warsaw (Poland) * Immigrants from other Bessarabian colonies * Immigrants from Odessa colonies around 1840

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T12:42:49+00:00

7.4 The move to Katzbach by Evangelical settlers Usually, the Russian government only settled people of the same faith in a colony. In Krasna some Evangelical colonists arrived as well and settled there. The author does not know the details. It is possible that there were not enough Catholic settlers initially to populate each farm.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T12:49:18+00:00

7.5 Fluctuations among the Krasna colonists In the beginning there was much movement going on among the settlers. * There was not enough land for the families, in the beginning Krasna already had more families than farms. Families who did not receive a farm moved on as soon as an opportunity arose to obtain a farm in another colony. Others stayed and struggled as day laborers.

j-07-06-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T13:00:43+00:00

7.6 Exodus and departures from Krasna The Bessarabian German families had many children and there was soon a shortage of farmland in the 24 mother colonies because of the increase of population. This was also the case in Krasna. As seen in 4.3, Landowners and Landless People in Krasna, the number of the landless people increased steadily. In 1870, Krasna had 352 men owning land and 285 men without land. The economic situation without land was difficult and people had to move away in increas…

j-07-07-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T13:39:54+00:00

7.7 Population development since the foundation According to the community report of 1848, 133 families with a total of 730 people immigrated to Krasna in 1814. People arrived and departed over the decades. See also: 7.5, Fluctuations among the Krasna Colonies.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T14:00:03+00:00

7.8 State and community offices of administration The Welfare Committee had played such an important role in the life of the colonists that the names of their presidents and village members should be mentioned. The Welfare Committee consisted of a president and two members, who had working for them 1 secretary, 1 chancellery manager, bookkeeper and helper, journalist (and archive keeper), 1 interpreter, clerks for special tasks, 1 surveyor, 1 doctor, 1 veterinarian and chancellery employees acc…

j-07-09-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T14:18:16+00:00

7.9 Church dignitaries From the time of its foundation, Krasna was an independent parish with its own priest. During Krasna’s existence it belonged to three dioceses, in succession. Bishops of Kamenez-Podolsk (Responsible for Krasna until 1848)

j-07-10-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-25T06:52:38+00:00

7.10 Teachers of Krasna We do not know the names of the teachers in the first years. It is known that Caspar Materi was a teacher in 1848. He came to the colony in 1843 from Franzfeld near Odessa. He wrote the community report of Krasna in 1848. The school statistics available show us the teachers in Krasna for some years. In 1864

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T14:39:31+00:00

7.11 Service providers and business owners in Krasna (as of 1940) (entnommen Ernst Schäfer, Erwerbsmöglichkeiten und Infrastruktur kurz vor der Umsiedlung in Krasna in: Erinnerungen an Bessarabien. 60 Jahre nach der Umsiedlung, 2001, S. 53) Smiths:

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T15:00:10+00:00

7.12 War dead and missing in action people of Krasna Since 1874 military service was mandatory for Krasna men. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 Krasna men first had to go to war. It is not clear if there were casualties. War Dead of Krasna during the Russo-Japanese War

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-09-23T12:40:09+00:00

7.13 Farm inhabitants of Krasna 1940 (Scaled down version of the village plan drawn by Melchior Koch)

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T15:05:01+00:00

7.14 The resettlement families of Krasna Only heads of household are listed, there is no guarantee for the accuracy and completeness. These names are listed on a memorial plaque in the chapel of Krasnoe. See also 9, The Village of Krasna since the German Exodus until Today. A complete list of all the resettlers can be found in the Heimatbuch der Bessarabiendeutschen, 20 Jahre nach Umsiedlung 1960 (Homeland Book of the Bessarabian Germans, 20 Years after the Resettlement 1060), pages 28ff

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:28:40+00:00

8 Krasna people en route to Germany * 8 Krasna people en route to Germany * 8.1 Preparation for the resettlement and transportation to Germany * 8.2 In the Resettlement Camps * 8.3 Settlement in West Prussia * 8.4 Fleeing the Red Army and new beginnings after the War

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-23T16:24:15+00:00

8.1 Preparation for the resettlement and transportation to Germany The German-Soviet “Agreement about the resettlement of the German national population from the areas of Bessarabia and the northern Bukovina into the German Reich” and an additional protocol regulated all phases of the resettlement: such as:

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T06:24:38+00:00

8.2 In the Resettlement Camps After arrival in Germany, the resettlement procedure was not yet done for the Bessarabian Germans. They spent many months in about 800 resettlement camps run by the German National Central Organization. These were located in Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Sudetenland, Silesia and Austria. Sometimes people had to change camps several times.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T06:59:56+00:00

8.3 Settlement in West Prussia In the spring of 1941 the settlement of the Bessarabian Germans in the eastern regions began in force. After the citizenship rocedures, these settlers designated for settlement in the East, were grouped in settlement camps in Poland for 4-6 weeks.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T07:09:48+00:00

8.4 Fleeing the Red Army and new beginnings after the War The Bessarabians, settled in West Prussia, shared the fate of the flight with millions of Germans. Just like the rest of the German population in the eastern part of the realm, the Bessarabians received the order to evacuate (a better term would have been the permission to flee) as the battlefront approached in the second half of January 1945. Evacuation was ordered much too late in the settlement areas of the Bessarabian Germans. The…

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T07:23:10+00:00

9. The village of Krasna since the German exodus until today After the Germans moved away in the fall of 1940, the few non-Germans, who were very few, 89 as of the last count, and a handful of Germans remained behind. Soviet life developed and the German character of the village soon disappeared.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-22T15:29:16+00:00

10 Documents and reports about and of Krasna * 10 Documents and reports about and of Krasna * 10.1 Documents and reports from government and administration * 10.2 Reports about life in Krasna

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T07:56:07+00:00

10.1 Documents and reports from government and administration Luckily, a large number of documents and reports from the administration concerning Krasna has been preserved. Ted Becker, the Village Research Coordinator for Krasna for the Germans from Russia Heritage Society (GRHS) in the USA, is in possession of many of these. His address is:

m-10-02-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T08:06:35+00:00

10.2 Reports about life in Krasna There are a number of reports and narratives, etc., pertaining to life in Krasna and the time afterwards, produced over the years and published. Added to these are texts which are not specifically reports about Krasna but are pertinent to life in Krasna, as well. Important excerpts of these reports and narratives were already covered in the previous material ad verbatim and with notation of the sources. The printing of these texts in their entirety would be too…

n-11-00-00

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2023-09-23T09:43:44+00:00

11 Time table for Krasna 1784-1806 Settlement of the later people of Krasna, (ancestors) in Poland and Galicia

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T08:34:32+00:00

12 Literature, Internet connections * 12 Literature, Internet connections * 12.1 Literature * 12.2 Internet addresses There are numerous publications pertaining to the Germans in Russia. This list contains only a small selection which seems relevant to the history of Krasna. The same was applied to the Internet addresses. This compilation is not complete. Voluminous sources for literature relevant to Bessarabia are:

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T08:46:02+00:00

12.1 Literature * Baumgärtner, Richard, Das höhere Schulwesen der Bessarabiendeutschen (Higher Education of the Bessarabian Germans) * Baumann, Arnulf, Die Deutschen aus Bessarabien, Hannover 2000 (The Germans from Bessarabia) * Becker, Jakob Die Volksschule der Bessarabiendeutschen (The Elementary School of the Bessarabian Germans)

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-24T08:56:57+00:00

12.2 Internet addresses Cultural Circle and Information Center for Former People from Krasna, Emmental, Balmas and Larga Bessarabiendeutscher Verein e.V. Bessarabian German Association

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-25T11:43:21+00:00

Appendix Here comes the new, complementary ...

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-05-25T14:56:15+00:00

Orzechow has been found! A lecture by Eduard Volk, Neuwied held on 18 September 2016 in Urmitz am Rhein at the Main Annual Meeting of the Association of Bessarabian Germans of the Provincial Section for Rheinland-Pfalz The village of Orzechowin in Poland played an important role in the history of the Krasna colony, one of 24 German mother colonies in Bessarabia.

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Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2019-04-05T10:26:57+00:00