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4.10.1 Under Russian Rule

In their announcement of November 29, 1813, the Russsian government had promised the colonists: Freedom from all taxes and obligations to the country from the day of arrival in Russia for a period of 10 years, excepting a small payment to Bessarabian lessors.

The free years for Krasna ended around 1825/1826, depending on which beginning year is considered (1814-1816 founding of the colony). After the expiration of the free years, the colonists had to pay taxes and provide payment in produce. A report from 1827 1) states: As soon as the free time is ended, the Warsaw colonists pay an annual fee of 15 kopecks and the land tax per desjatine of useable land, just as all other residents in compliance with the established tax rates.

Taxes and Contributions

Explanation of the types of contributions regarding the payments of the colonists:

  • General land contributions: these were contributions for the rural police and the mails (colonists paid the same as all other citizens)
  • Commnuity contributions: (These were contributions paid only by the colonists, not the other residents.) among them were:
    Upkeep of the colonists’ administration 2)
    Upkeep of the spiritual leader and the teacher of the colony
    Salaries of district and village personnel
  • Crown contributions were taxes to pay for the common Russian administration (not the colonial administration) and land contributions (land taxes).
    The established crown contributions were a fixed amount each colony had to pay, regardless of the number of residents increase or decrease.

Payment in produce

In addition to monetary taxes and contributions, the colonists also had to pay in produce. Aside from the obligation of supplying room and board to army troops passing through the village and supplying transportation for the mails, prisoners and officials on duty, as well as priviliged persons, the village also had to pay for its own upkeep.
See also 6.4, Community Tasks and Self-Help Organizations

Repaying the Crown's Debt (government expenses for the colonist settlement)

The edict of the tsar dated November 29, 1813. also dictated that the support the colonists received from the crown, called crown's debt, was paid back following the ten free years in 10 annual instalments.

Although the advance given to the colonists was only in part in money and some of it in agricultural equipment, they had to pay back the entire amount. See also 2,2, Krasna in the First Five Decades of Existence (ca 1814-1860).
For Krasna, this amounted to a total of 129,338 rubles. 3)). Considering 114 farms, this amounted to 1,134 rubles per farm.
The Russian government had assumed that the colonies would be well established in a few years and fixed the freedom of debt for ten years. Considering the initial difficulties, the time frame was expanded from 10 to 20 years for repayment of the crown's debt. 4) According to the community report of Wittenberg dated 1848, their repayment began in 1833.

Amounts of Taxes and Contributions

It is evident from this, that the Krasna colonists had to pay their taxes and contributions plus the annual rate for the crown's debt beginning around the middle of the thirties of the 20th century.
An example for the amount of tax payments can be taken from the expense report of 1848 from the colony of Wittenberg.

  • Expenses for the colonial administration 58 rubles 17 kopecks
  • Expenses for the rural police 18 rubles 63 kopecks
  • Land and postal fees 56 rubles 58 kopecks
  • Land tax 661 rubles 2 kopecks
  • Community contributions 1,069 rubles 79 kopecks
  • Totals: 1,864 rubles 19 kopecks silver

These figures do not seem to contain all the payment requirement mandated, since a list 5) from 1839 for the colony of Wittenberg mentions taxes/contributions in the amount of 2,712.46 rubles. Krasna, which was considerably larger than Wittenberg lists an amount of 4,828.69 rubles for taxes and contributions and a repayment of crown's debt for 3,300.00 rubles. It is conceivable that the figures from 1839 also contain the community expenses (school, community administration, repairs, personnel costs for the pastor, teacher, mayor, church custodian, shepherd and policeman, etc.). The Wittenberg list for 1848 does not contain the latter.

Community expenses for Krasna for 1854 show the amount of 1,487 rubles6).

In principle, the tax statutes were valid until 1871, when a raise of taxes went into effect. New laws were created in 1861 and beginning in 1862 more taxes and contributions were mandated.

The colonies were informed of the amount of general contributions they had to make. It was up to them to set a figure for the individual communities. Usually it was figured as payment per person and one can assume that this also applied to Krasna. This tax was called a head tax or soul tax. Some of the taxes were assessed per desjatine of land.

Collecting Crown's Debts and Taxes

The mayor’s office collected crown's debts and taxes. It was responsible for tax bases and collections. The collected money was forwarded to the district office by the mayor and it distributed the money to the appropriate office. The community administration kept a tax list. The colonists were given strict guidelines relative to the bookkeeping. The district and village mayors had to keep a special book listing all incoming and outgoing funds. At year end, three elected dependable and capable farmers had to check the books and the treasury.

After the abolishment of the Welfare Committee in 1871, the Germans continued paying their taxes to the mayor’s office and that remained the case until the annexation to Rumania.

The Tax Burden and Payments in Produce after 1871

The law of June 4, 1871, outlined new tax laws with pertinent changes. Instead of payment for a colonial administration, the colonists now made their contributions to the Semstwo. The most important change was that owners of crown's land had to pay an additional state interest for the period of 20 years. It was called Obrok. Once all of it was paid off, the land was supposed to belong to the colonists. It was the gradual buyout of the once “given” land. We have a document at hand which shows the land owned by Krasna on the date of the conversion from crown's land to private property and the amount of taxes assessed for this transaction:
…The setttlement owns 6,641.3 desjatines of cultivated land and 268.9 desjatines of non-cultivated land, a total of 6,910 desjatines of land. In order to use the designated land permanently, the settlemen will have to pay the state tax of 2,689 rubles and 73 kopecks at a set date. 7))

The edict of June 12, 1886, converted the Obrok tax to a payoff tax and new dates were set for their final payoff without reducing the annual amount stipulated on January 1, 1913 (?). Some colonists hurried to amass the pay off amount as quickly as possible to get their full ownership. The payoff tax was finally rescinded in 1907 and from then on the colonists just paid the regular taxes.

In regards to the mandated payments in produce, the rule remained in effect under this agreement and was adapted to the new administrative process.

1)
Statistical description of Bessarabia and of the so-called Budschak (set up in the years 1822-1828), published by the Akkermaner Landschaftsamt 1899, excerpts in German published by the Heimatmuseum der Deutschen aus Bessarabien, 1969
2)
From 1871 onwards, the maintenance for the colonial administration was replaced by contributions for the Semstwo, which, for example, amounted to 5 rubles per Desjatine country in 1918.
3)
For Krasna had an arrangement with the government that the colonists pay when ready (Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, Fond 383, Inventory 29, File 542, pages 7-8
4)
Schmidt, Ute, Die Deutschen aus Bessarabien (The Germans from Bessarabia), page 67
5)
Odessa State Archive, Odessa Fond 6, Inventory 1, file 5746
6)
Odessa State Archive, Odessa Fond 6, Inventory 3, File 16446
7)
“Register der bessarabischen Region, Kreis Akkerman, Teplitz, Siedlung Krasna” (Register of the Bessarabian Region, Akkerman District, Teplitz, Krasna Settlement). State Archive Odessa (no identification of the source was given
en/krasna/f-04-10-01.txt · Last modified: 2019/05/22 16:47 by Otto Riehl Herausgeber